Transfer of Leasehold Rights not a supply of services; GST not leviable where benefits of immovable property are transferred.

Reasoned Decision Requirement: cancellation lacked reasons and appellate dismissal quashed for fresh hearing and review.

Bail in economic tax fraud denied as large-scale fictitious input tax credit scheme risks tampering and absconding.

Restoration of GST registration via writ jurisdiction after unblocking of electronic credit ledger, subject to compliance conditions.

Procedural fairness: administrative authorities must hear petitioner and permit additional documents before deciding incentive-extension representation.

Tariff classification assigned to beverages, iced tea and concentrates; corrected HSN codes and GST rates allocated.

Procedural fairness: faceless assessment set aside where prior judicial directions failed to reach AO; documents supplied and fresh adjudication ordered.

Withholding tax relief where payments are prima facie non taxable under the treaty-certificate reduced to 2% for the specified year.

Freedom of Movement: Lookout circulars cannot be maintained indefinitely after domestic tax proceedings end; conditional vacation required.

Right to be heard: faceless assessments without opportunity to reply or personal hearing must be set aside and reheard.

Royalty taxation: notional imputation rejected; only contractual entitlement taxed, and no PE attribution-interest recomputation remanded.

Unsigned statutory notices lacking required authentication invalidate reassessment jurisdiction and render proceedings void ab initio.

Benami Transaction Definition expanded to include continued holding post amendment, capturing pre amendment transfers where consideration paid by another.

Benami Transactions confirmed; provisional attachment upheld while beneficial owner identity is referred for limited reinvestigation.

Benami transaction: proof of consideration and control by beneficial owner upholds provisional attachment and dismisses appeals.

Fiduciary exception rejected; provisional attachment under benami law affirmed where transfers were one way unaccounted accommodation entries.

Benami property jurisdiction: IBC tribunals lack power to challenge Benami Act attachment; such assets fall outside the liquidation estate.

Benami property verification: insufficient hallmark and invoice evidence defeated provisional attachment, leading to relief for the proprietor.

Inordinate delay in filing bars appellate relief where explanation is insufficient, and identical adverse precedent controls product classification outcome.

Satisfactory explanation for delay is essential to admit a delayed appeal; without it, dismissal follows and merits must independently justify interference.

Classification of modular kitchens as furniture affirmed; valuation must follow transaction value rules and requires comparability to reject it.

Interchangeability of non-scheduled passenger and charter use upheld, so conditional customs exemption remains available and relief granted.

Customs Valuation: Reliance solely on an engineer's certificate cannot supplant required valuation rules; transaction value must be respected.

Sequential Valuation Methods must be followed; market-survey-based revaluation unsustainable and classification depends on essential character.

Quashing of FIR where preliminary enquiry failed to establish fraudulent intent and the registration amounted to a roving inquiry.

Class Action Scope: past transactions can be remedied under shareholder class suits, and petition admission was upheld.

Committee of Creditors limited right to litigate in Code matters; Resolution Professional not the exclusive representative.

Amendment of parties to implead a necessary party permitted to secure adjudication on merits, with dismissal modified accordingly.

Interlocutory Order Merger: appeal rendered infructuous after a comprehensive final order incorporated and superseded the interim relief.

Stamp duty on sanctioning orders must be levied on the sanctioning instrument, not by dissecting underlying transactions.

Stock exchange disciplinary action and withheld security: writ maintainable; investigation valid but final board decision set aside as unlawfully constituted

AIF trustee debarment for SEBI rule breaches-no investor loss and fund winding-up led to bar treated as expired.

Clients authorising third-party F&O trades despite missing pre/post confirmations; broker not liable for losses, award set aside.

Doctrine of merger and trustee-like powers in SEBI-appointed Special Committee; order treated as open-ended, appeals dismissed

Personal liability of directors in regulatory proceedings: attachment challenge refused; pursue statutory appeal under SEBI Act

Market regulator prosecution over access to investigation report and inquiry materials; petition allowed, disclosure ordered with limited redactions

Fraudulent trading requires cogent evidence; ordinary-course managerial withdrawals largely not recoverable, limited refunds ordered as applied.

Costs Imposition Requires Record-Based Reasons; unexplained monetary penalties on creditors for insolvency withdrawals were quashed.

Condonation of delay under Section 198 cannot extend the statutory appeal period under Section 61(2).

Limitation extension by acknowledgment enabled admission of the insolvency petition filed within the available limitation period.

Pre-existing dispute with documentary indicia can bar an operational creditor's insolvency petition; application may be rejected.

Transfer of winding up proceedings requires fresh IBC admission and meeting the applicable statutory threshold on conversion.

Liability of struck-off companies persists; legal representatives face estate-limited FEMA penalties, with courts able to reduce penalties for proportionality.

Section 6(4) FEMA protects only legitimately substantiated foreign funds; breach of foreign exchange rules found, penalty reduced.

Contravention under FEMA sustained on documentary nexus, penalties reduced and confiscation of un-surrendered foreign currency upheld.

Abetment liability: corroborated retracted statements and statutory presumption can shift burden, leading to conviction and reduced penalty.

Continuing corporate liability remains enforceable after striking off; directors remain liable but penalties may be mitigated.

Retracted statement admissibility upheld when voluntary and corroborated; confiscation under foreign exchange contravention affirmed, penalty moderated.

Prima Facie Assessment: Regulatory and expert reports can inform but absence of AAEC bars a DG inquiry.

Bid rigging in public tender bids-common IPs, call records and shared EMD led to s.3(3) breach upheld.

Coal handling charges at port found imposed through mandatory coordination fees; impugned order set aside and remitted.

Use of Crystalline Durability Admixture in heavy infrastructure projects: nationwide market accepted, no dominance or anti-competitive conduct found, appeal dismissed

Abuse of dominance investigation notice requirement clarified: no initial notice if no prima facie case; informant need not be heard.

WhatsApp user data sharing for advertising and other non-essential purposes-clarification allowed requiring express, revocable opt-in/opt-out consent

Attachment of equivalent property allowed when proceeds are untraceable; Covid exclusion extends the statutory time limit for confirmation.

Proceeds of crime definition permits attachment of equivalent-value property where tainted assets are dissipated, subject to bona fide secured claims.

Prima facie satisfaction under Section 45 PMLA may warrant bail where allegations are inferential and risks are mitigable by conditions.

Provisional attachment of property as proceeds of crime upheld where possession, unexplained repayments and layering establish the requisite nexus.

Proceeds of crime definition and valuation guide attachment of equivalent property; pandemic limitation exclusion preserves 180 day outer limit compliance.

Reason to Believe under PMLA must be formed by the Adjudicating Authority, but recording and service are not statutorily required.

Exemption compliance verification upheld; remand for documentary proof sustained and not a substantial question of law.

Extended limitation under the proviso to Section 73(1) requires positive evidence of fraud or concealment; absent that, demands are time barred.

Limitation defence absent from notice cannot sustain rejection of refund claims; orders set aside for deficient pleading.

Mutuality doctrine bars service tax on member receipts; amendments taxing non-members apply only prospectively, misclassified sponsorships unsustainable.

Business Auxiliary Service classification: IT operation and network management excluded from service tax; resulting demand time barred.

Cenvat credit admissibility: self-contained e-statements treated as invoice-equivalent, allowing credit for banking transaction charges.

Reversal of CENVAT credit satisfies neutralisation even if in excess, barring collection based recovery for inter unit transfers.

Conditional exemption breach: supply to DTA attracts duty and sustains penalty and extended limitation for duty-free inputs.

Burden of proof requires affirmative corroborative evidence; theoretical input output demands and confiscations set aside without such proof.

Cenvat refund scope: Rule 5 limited to physical exports; clarificatory Explanation 1(1A) applies retrospectively, excluding deemed exports.

Classification of printed paper: bound articles for further writing stay in the bound-article heading; loose printed forms fall under printed-matter headings.

Cenvat credit for specially designed vehicles upheld; credit allowed and related demand, interest and penalty cancelled.

Transfer of Property in Goods: fabricated components that become a distinct commodity are taxable as unspecified goods; embedded costs included.

Limitation in Reassessment: reassessment after five years is barred and audit-only objections cannot sustain reassessment.

Surcharge on VAT applies in addition to concessional tax for declared goods; levy valid where measured by tax payable.

Common Parlance Test and Essential Character Test govern beverage classification; product held a fruit drink attracting concessional VAT.

Settlement under Maharashtra Settlement Act prevents adjustment of earlier refunds; refund must be released with interest.

Attachment of third-party property invalid where transfer preceded attachment; sale may be registered without a tax NOC.

Scheme of demerger asset vesting prevents attachment for demerged company's tax; attachment allowed only for resulting company's own liability

Appeals dismissed as not pressed; properties treated as commercial establishments excluded from "assets" under Section 2(ea) Wealth Tax Act

Land loses wealth tax exemption during construction period under Section 2(ea) - exemption only applies after completion

Rental income from land plots cannot be denied based on later verification findings from different assessment year

ITAT recalls ex parte wealth tax orders after representative's death created compelling circumstances under Rule 24

Section 16(1) intimations under Wealth Tax Act constitute orders subject to revision under Section 25

Intra-class discrimination in subordinate legislation remedied: private limited companies given same 'change in management' exemption; amendment not retrospective.

Limitation and public servant complaints: cognizance valid when identity is established and investigative material supports prima facie case.

Mandatory auction payment rules void confirmations for non payment; sale set aside and fresh auction ordered with refund.

Substantive review powers cannot be created by executive direction; vesting orders remain final absent narrow statutory grounds for reopening.

Surety discharge where creditor permits unauthorized variation - liability limited to obligations before the variance, not subsequent overdrafts.

Contractual Prohibition on Interest prevents pre-award interest; post-award interest may be awarded but rate subject to judicial reduction.