Natural justice: failure to afford feasible personal hearing vitiates GST assessment; matter remanded for fresh consideration after hearing.

Rectification under Section 161 must be considered and disposed of on merits within thirty days; tax demand not adjudicated.

Transaction Value Adjustment for Post Contractual Trade Discounts: prima facie invalidity flagged; recovery stayed subject to deposit.

Exclusion of limitation period requires recalculation of refund limitation and fresh adjudication with hearing and reasoned order.

Effective service and personal hearing are essential; failed electronic service mandates alternative modes and remand with conditional payment.

Effective service of notices: portal-only service without personal hearing vitiates assessment; matter remitted subject to conditions.

Service on a non existing entity invalidates assessments where notices or orders name the dissolved transferor.

Registration under Section 12AA does not confer Section 80G benefits; 80G conditions must be satisfied independently year by year.

Registration under Section 12AA: long standing grant left undisturbed; Revenue may seek withdrawal only after due process.

Time-bar for reassessment: compute surviving limitation excluding stayed periods and response time; late notices invalid.

Assessment validity compromised where cancelled sale deeds and reversal entries show no true accrual; reassessment quashed.

Cash payment reporting duty: Sub Registrar must inform tax authorities before FIR; respondent ordered to file counter affidavit.

Benami Transaction Definition expanded to include continued holding post amendment, capturing pre amendment transfers where consideration paid by another.

Benami Transactions confirmed; provisional attachment upheld while beneficial owner identity is referred for limited reinvestigation.

Benami transaction: proof of consideration and control by beneficial owner upholds provisional attachment and dismisses appeals.

Fiduciary exception rejected; provisional attachment under benami law affirmed where transfers were one way unaccounted accommodation entries.

Benami property jurisdiction: IBC tribunals lack power to challenge Benami Act attachment; such assets fall outside the liquidation estate.

Benami property verification: insufficient hallmark and invoice evidence defeated provisional attachment, leading to relief for the proprietor.

Inordinate delay in filing bars appellate relief where explanation is insufficient, and identical adverse precedent controls product classification outcome.

Satisfactory explanation for delay is essential to admit a delayed appeal; without it, dismissal follows and merits must independently justify interference.

Regulatory misapplication and procedural unfairness invalidated penalty proceedings, resulting in quashing of the penalty order.

Extended limitation under Section 28(4) requires wilful suppression; mere misclassification without intent precludes extended liability.

Customs Valuation: Reliance solely on an engineer's certificate cannot supplant required valuation rules; transaction value must be respected.

Sequential Valuation Methods must be followed; market-survey-based revaluation unsustainable and classification depends on essential character.

Class Action Scope: past transactions can be remedied under shareholder class suits, and petition admission was upheld.

Fraudulent Transfer: pre-petition lease lacking consideration held void ab initio, set aside to realise assets for creditors.

Committee of Creditors limited right to litigate in Code matters; Resolution Professional not the exclusive representative.

Amendment of parties to implead a necessary party permitted to secure adjudication on merits, with dismissal modified accordingly.

Interlocutory Order Merger: appeal rendered infructuous after a comprehensive final order incorporated and superseded the interim relief.

Stamp duty on sanctioning orders must be levied on the sanctioning instrument, not by dissecting underlying transactions.

Stock exchange disciplinary action and withheld security: writ maintainable; investigation valid but final board decision set aside as unlawfully constituted

AIF trustee debarment for SEBI rule breaches-no investor loss and fund winding-up led to bar treated as expired.

Clients authorising third-party F&O trades despite missing pre/post confirmations; broker not liable for losses, award set aside.

Doctrine of merger and trustee-like powers in SEBI-appointed Special Committee; order treated as open-ended, appeals dismissed

Personal liability of directors in regulatory proceedings: attachment challenge refused; pursue statutory appeal under SEBI Act

Market regulator prosecution over access to investigation report and inquiry materials; petition allowed, disclosure ordered with limited redactions

Simultaneous CIRP proceedings against debtor and guarantor permissible; regulatory safeguards and claim revision prevent double recovery.

Limitation commencement from court pronouncement: appeal time runs from pronouncement, so delay beyond condonable period barred.

Limitation extension by acknowledgment enabled admission of the insolvency petition filed within the available limitation period.

Pre-existing dispute with documentary indicia can bar an operational creditor's insolvency petition; application may be rejected.

Transfer of winding up proceedings requires fresh IBC admission and meeting the applicable statutory threshold on conversion.

Claims reflected in corporate records may require a procedural addendum to the resolution plan so creditors can reconsider.

Section 6(4) FEMA protects only legitimately substantiated foreign funds; breach of foreign exchange rules found, penalty reduced.

Contravention under FEMA sustained on documentary nexus, penalties reduced and confiscation of un-surrendered foreign currency upheld.

Abetment liability: corroborated retracted statements and statutory presumption can shift burden, leading to conviction and reduced penalty.

Continuing corporate liability remains enforceable after striking off; directors remain liable but penalties may be mitigated.

Retracted statement admissibility upheld when voluntary and corroborated; confiscation under foreign exchange contravention affirmed, penalty moderated.

Understated FOB valuation: exporter and officers liable; penalties payable but reduced due to mitigation and prior deposits.

Prima Facie Assessment: Regulatory and expert reports can inform but absence of AAEC bars a DG inquiry.

Bid rigging in public tender bids-common IPs, call records and shared EMD led to s.3(3) breach upheld.

Coal handling charges at port found imposed through mandatory coordination fees; impugned order set aside and remitted.

Use of Crystalline Durability Admixture in heavy infrastructure projects: nationwide market accepted, no dominance or anti-competitive conduct found, appeal dismissed

Abuse of dominance investigation notice requirement clarified: no initial notice if no prima facie case; informant need not be heard.

WhatsApp user data sharing for advertising and other non-essential purposes-clarification allowed requiring express, revocable opt-in/opt-out consent

Attachment of equivalent property allowed when proceeds are untraceable; Covid exclusion extends the statutory time limit for confirmation.

Proceeds of crime definition permits attachment of equivalent-value property where tainted assets are dissipated, subject to bona fide secured claims.

Provisional attachment under PMLA upheld where prima facie material shows proceeds of crime; fiscal payment does not confer immunity.

Provisional Attachment under PMLA upheld as appellants failed to prove lawful source or repayment, additional evidence refused.

Lawful source burden: failure to produce contemporaneous evidence or reliable corroboration supports confirmation of provisional attachment.

Reason to Believe under PMLA must be formed by the Adjudicating Authority, but recording and service are not statutorily required.

Exemption compliance verification upheld; remand for documentary proof sustained and not a substantial question of law.

Exclusive appellate remedy to the Supreme Court bars High Court appeals against CESTAT taxability orders; remedy lies to apex court.

Taxability of pre-effective-date receipts: only receipts actually received after the effective date form taxable value; penalties require evidence.

Mutuality doctrine bars service tax on member receipts; amendments taxing non-members apply only prospectively, misclassified sponsorships unsustainable.

Business Auxiliary Service classification: IT operation and network management excluded from service tax; resulting demand time barred.

Cenvat credit admissibility: self-contained e-statements treated as invoice-equivalent, allowing credit for banking transaction charges.

Rebate claim procedure: missing ARE-1 forms are procedural, not fatal; re-filed claims relate back to original filing date.

Indigenous Raw Material status can secure exemption; extended limitation needs proof of deliberate suppression, not mere audit differences.

Classification as Ayurvedic Medicine upheld; central excise duty, interest, penalties and confiscation quashed on appeal.

Classification of printed paper: bound articles for further writing stay in the bound-article heading; loose printed forms fall under printed-matter headings.

Cenvat credit for specially designed vehicles upheld; credit allowed and related demand, interest and penalty cancelled.

CENVAT credit admissibility for specialised internal transport equipment upheld where locomotives function as manufacturing accessories and inputs.

Transfer of Property in Goods: fabricated components that become a distinct commodity are taxable as unspecified goods; embedded costs included.

Limitation in Reassessment: reassessment after five years is barred and audit-only objections cannot sustain reassessment.

Common Parlance Test and Essential Character Test govern beverage classification; product held a fruit drink attracting concessional VAT.

Settlement under Maharashtra Settlement Act prevents adjustment of earlier refunds; refund must be released with interest.

Attachment of third-party property invalid where transfer preceded attachment; sale may be registered without a tax NOC.

Dominant Character Test finds SIM issuance and activation charges constitute service consideration and are not VAT-liable.

Scheme of demerger asset vesting prevents attachment for demerged company's tax; attachment allowed only for resulting company's own liability

Appeals dismissed as not pressed; properties treated as commercial establishments excluded from "assets" under Section 2(ea) Wealth Tax Act

Land loses wealth tax exemption during construction period under Section 2(ea) - exemption only applies after completion

Rental income from land plots cannot be denied based on later verification findings from different assessment year

ITAT recalls ex parte wealth tax orders after representative's death created compelling circumstances under Rule 24

Section 16(1) intimations under Wealth Tax Act constitute orders subject to revision under Section 25

Intra-class discrimination in subordinate legislation remedied: private limited companies given same 'change in management' exemption; amendment not retrospective.

Limitation and public servant complaints: cognizance valid when identity is established and investigative material supports prima facie case.

Mandatory auction payment rules void confirmations for non payment; sale set aside and fresh auction ordered with refund.

Substantive review powers cannot be created by executive direction; vesting orders remain final absent narrow statutory grounds for reopening.

Surety discharge where creditor permits unauthorized variation - liability limited to obligations before the variance, not subsequent overdrafts.

Contractual Prohibition on Interest prevents pre-award interest; post-award interest may be awarded but rate subject to judicial reduction.